- Differences in the frame of reference (language, age, culture, education, experience, social environment, habits, etc.)
- When the message is too long or too dense, the information is difficult to retain
- Physical interference (noisy environments, distractions, interruptions, etc.)
- The receiver’s internal state (emotions, attitudes, values, etc.) or the presence of observers who can interfere. They produce "snags" or intellectual paralysis linked to stress
- Mental distractions such as being preoccupied with other topics or preparing an answer instead of listening